438 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
438 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
# 层级系统
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在游戏开发中,实体间的父子层级关系是常见需求。ECS Framework 采用组件化方式管理层级关系,通过 `HierarchyComponent` 和 `HierarchySystem` 实现,完全遵循 ECS 组合原则。
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## 设计理念
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### 为什么不在 Entity 中内置层级?
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传统的游戏对象模型(如 Unity 的 GameObject)将层级关系内置于实体中。ECS Framework 选择组件化方案的原因:
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1. **ECS 组合原则**:层级是一种"功能",应该通过组件添加,而非所有实体都具备
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2. **按需使用**:只有需要层级关系的实体才添加 `HierarchyComponent`
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3. **数据与逻辑分离**:`HierarchyComponent` 存储数据,`HierarchySystem` 处理逻辑
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4. **序列化友好**:层级关系作为组件数据可以轻松序列化和反序列化
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## 基本概念
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### HierarchyComponent
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存储层级关系数据的组件:
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```typescript
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import { HierarchyComponent } from '@esengine/ecs-framework';
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// HierarchyComponent 的核心属性
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interface HierarchyComponent {
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parentId: number | null; // 父实体 ID,null 表示根实体
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childIds: number[]; // 子实体 ID 列表
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depth: number; // 在层级中的深度(由系统维护)
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bActiveInHierarchy: boolean; // 在层级中是否激活(由系统维护)
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}
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```
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### HierarchySystem
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处理层级逻辑的系统,提供所有层级操作的 API:
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```typescript
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import { HierarchySystem } from '@esengine/ecs-framework';
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// 获取系统
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const hierarchySystem = scene.getEntityProcessor(HierarchySystem);
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```
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## 快速开始
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### 添加系统到场景
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```typescript
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import { Scene, HierarchySystem } from '@esengine/ecs-framework';
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class GameScene extends Scene {
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protected initialize(): void {
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// 添加层级系统
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this.addSystem(new HierarchySystem());
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// 添加其他系统...
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}
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}
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```
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### 建立父子关系
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```typescript
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// 创建实体
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const parent = scene.createEntity("Parent");
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const child1 = scene.createEntity("Child1");
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const child2 = scene.createEntity("Child2");
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// 获取层级系统
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const hierarchySystem = scene.getEntityProcessor(HierarchySystem);
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// 设置父子关系(自动添加 HierarchyComponent)
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hierarchySystem.setParent(child1, parent);
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hierarchySystem.setParent(child2, parent);
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// 现在 parent 有两个子实体
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```
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### 查询层级
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```typescript
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// 获取父实体
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const parentEntity = hierarchySystem.getParent(child1);
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// 获取所有子实体
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const children = hierarchySystem.getChildren(parent);
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// 获取子实体数量
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const count = hierarchySystem.getChildCount(parent);
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// 检查是否有子实体
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const hasKids = hierarchySystem.hasChildren(parent);
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// 获取在层级中的深度
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const depth = hierarchySystem.getDepth(child1); // 返回 1
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```
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## API 参考
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### 父子关系操作
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#### setParent
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设置实体的父级:
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```typescript
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// 设置父级
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hierarchySystem.setParent(child, parent);
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// 移动到根级(无父级)
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hierarchySystem.setParent(child, null);
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```
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#### insertChildAt
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在指定位置插入子实体:
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```typescript
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// 在第一个位置插入
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hierarchySystem.insertChildAt(parent, child, 0);
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// 追加到末尾
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hierarchySystem.insertChildAt(parent, child, -1);
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```
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#### removeChild
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从父级移除子实体(子实体变为根级):
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```typescript
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const success = hierarchySystem.removeChild(parent, child);
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```
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#### removeAllChildren
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移除所有子实体:
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```typescript
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hierarchySystem.removeAllChildren(parent);
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```
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### 层级查询
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#### getParent / getChildren
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```typescript
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const parent = hierarchySystem.getParent(entity);
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const children = hierarchySystem.getChildren(entity);
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```
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#### getRoot
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获取实体的根节点:
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```typescript
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const root = hierarchySystem.getRoot(deepChild);
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```
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#### getRootEntities
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获取所有根实体(没有父级的实体):
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```typescript
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const roots = hierarchySystem.getRootEntities();
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```
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#### isAncestorOf / isDescendantOf
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检查祖先/后代关系:
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```typescript
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// grandparent -> parent -> child
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const isAncestor = hierarchySystem.isAncestorOf(grandparent, child); // true
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const isDescendant = hierarchySystem.isDescendantOf(child, grandparent); // true
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```
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### 层级遍历
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#### findChild
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根据名称查找子实体:
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```typescript
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// 直接子级中查找
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const child = hierarchySystem.findChild(parent, "ChildName");
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// 递归查找所有后代
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const deepChild = hierarchySystem.findChild(parent, "DeepChild", true);
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```
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#### findChildrenByTag
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根据标签查找子实体:
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```typescript
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// 查找直接子级
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const tagged = hierarchySystem.findChildrenByTag(parent, TAG_ENEMY);
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// 递归查找
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const allTagged = hierarchySystem.findChildrenByTag(parent, TAG_ENEMY, true);
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```
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#### forEachChild
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遍历子实体:
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```typescript
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// 遍历直接子级
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hierarchySystem.forEachChild(parent, (child) => {
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console.log(child.name);
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});
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// 递归遍历所有后代
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hierarchySystem.forEachChild(parent, (child) => {
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console.log(child.name);
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}, true);
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```
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### 层级状态
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#### isActiveInHierarchy
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检查实体在层级中是否激活(考虑所有祖先的激活状态):
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```typescript
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// 如果 parent.active = false,即使 child.active = true
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// isActiveInHierarchy(child) 也会返回 false
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const activeInHierarchy = hierarchySystem.isActiveInHierarchy(child);
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```
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#### getDepth
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获取实体在层级中的深度(根实体深度为 0):
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```typescript
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const depth = hierarchySystem.getDepth(entity);
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```
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### 扁平化层级(用于 UI 渲染)
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```typescript
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// 用于实现可展开/折叠的层级树视图
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const expandedIds = new Set([parent.id]);
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const flatNodes = hierarchySystem.flattenHierarchy(expandedIds);
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// 返回 [{ entity, depth, bHasChildren, bIsExpanded }, ...]
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```
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## 完整示例
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### 创建游戏角色层级
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```typescript
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import {
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Scene,
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HierarchySystem,
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HierarchyComponent
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} from '@esengine/ecs-framework';
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class GameScene extends Scene {
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private hierarchySystem!: HierarchySystem;
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protected initialize(): void {
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// 添加层级系统
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this.hierarchySystem = new HierarchySystem();
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this.addSystem(this.hierarchySystem);
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// 创建角色层级
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this.createPlayerHierarchy();
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}
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private createPlayerHierarchy(): void {
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// 根实体
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const player = this.createEntity("Player");
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player.addComponent(new Transform(0, 0));
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// 身体部件
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const body = this.createEntity("Body");
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body.addComponent(new Sprite("body.png"));
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this.hierarchySystem.setParent(body, player);
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// 武器(挂载在身体上)
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const weapon = this.createEntity("Weapon");
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weapon.addComponent(new Sprite("sword.png"));
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this.hierarchySystem.setParent(weapon, body);
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// 特效(挂载在武器上)
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const effect = this.createEntity("WeaponEffect");
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effect.addComponent(new ParticleEmitter());
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this.hierarchySystem.setParent(effect, weapon);
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// 查询层级信息
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console.log(`Player 层级深度: ${this.hierarchySystem.getDepth(player)}`); // 0
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console.log(`Weapon 层级深度: ${this.hierarchySystem.getDepth(weapon)}`); // 2
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console.log(`Effect 层级深度: ${this.hierarchySystem.getDepth(effect)}`); // 3
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}
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public equipNewWeapon(weaponName: string): void {
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const body = this.findEntity("Body");
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const oldWeapon = this.hierarchySystem.findChild(body!, "Weapon");
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if (oldWeapon) {
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// 移除旧武器的所有子实体
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this.hierarchySystem.removeAllChildren(oldWeapon);
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oldWeapon.destroy();
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}
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// 创建新武器
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const newWeapon = this.createEntity("Weapon");
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newWeapon.addComponent(new Sprite(`${weaponName}.png`));
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this.hierarchySystem.setParent(newWeapon, body!);
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}
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}
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```
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### 层级变换系统
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结合 Transform 组件实现层级变换:
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```typescript
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import { EntitySystem, Matcher, HierarchySystem, HierarchyComponent } from '@esengine/ecs-framework';
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class HierarchyTransformSystem extends EntitySystem {
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private hierarchySystem!: HierarchySystem;
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constructor() {
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super(Matcher.empty().all(Transform, HierarchyComponent));
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}
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public onAddedToScene(): void {
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// 获取层级系统引用
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this.hierarchySystem = this.scene!.getEntityProcessor(HierarchySystem)!;
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}
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protected process(entities: readonly Entity[]): void {
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// 按深度排序,确保父级先更新
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const sorted = [...entities].sort((a, b) => {
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return this.hierarchySystem.getDepth(a) - this.hierarchySystem.getDepth(b);
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});
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for (const entity of sorted) {
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const transform = entity.getComponent(Transform)!;
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const parent = this.hierarchySystem.getParent(entity);
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if (parent) {
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const parentTransform = parent.getComponent(Transform);
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if (parentTransform) {
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// 计算世界坐标
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transform.worldX = parentTransform.worldX + transform.localX;
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transform.worldY = parentTransform.worldY + transform.localY;
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}
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} else {
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// 根实体,本地坐标即世界坐标
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transform.worldX = transform.localX;
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transform.worldY = transform.localY;
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}
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}
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}
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}
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```
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## 性能优化
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### 缓存机制
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`HierarchySystem` 内置了缓存机制:
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- `depth` 和 `bActiveInHierarchy` 由系统自动维护
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- 使用 `bCacheDirty` 标记优化更新
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- 层级变化时自动标记所有子级缓存为脏
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### 最佳实践
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1. **避免深层嵌套**:系统限制最大深度为 32 层
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2. **批量操作**:构建复杂层级时,尽量一次性设置好所有父子关系
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3. **按需添加**:只有真正需要层级关系的实体才添加 `HierarchyComponent`
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4. **缓存系统引用**:避免每次调用都获取 `HierarchySystem`
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```typescript
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// 好的做法
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class MySystem extends EntitySystem {
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private hierarchySystem!: HierarchySystem;
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onAddedToScene() {
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this.hierarchySystem = this.scene!.getEntityProcessor(HierarchySystem)!;
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}
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process() {
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// 使用缓存的引用
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const parent = this.hierarchySystem.getParent(entity);
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}
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}
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// 避免的做法
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process() {
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// 每次都获取,性能较差
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const system = this.scene!.getEntityProcessor(HierarchySystem);
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}
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```
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## 迁移指南
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如果你之前使用的是旧版 Entity 内置的层级 API,请参考以下迁移指南:
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| 旧 API (已移除) | 新 API |
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|----------------|--------|
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| `entity.parent` | `hierarchySystem.getParent(entity)` |
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| `entity.children` | `hierarchySystem.getChildren(entity)` |
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| `entity.addChild(child)` | `hierarchySystem.setParent(child, entity)` |
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| `entity.removeChild(child)` | `hierarchySystem.removeChild(entity, child)` |
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| `entity.findChild(name)` | `hierarchySystem.findChild(entity, name)` |
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| `entity.activeInHierarchy` | `hierarchySystem.isActiveInHierarchy(entity)` |
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### 迁移示例
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```typescript
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// 旧代码
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const parent = scene.createEntity("Parent");
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const child = scene.createEntity("Child");
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parent.addChild(child);
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const found = parent.findChild("Child");
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// 新代码
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const hierarchySystem = scene.getEntityProcessor(HierarchySystem);
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const parent = scene.createEntity("Parent");
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const child = scene.createEntity("Child");
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hierarchySystem.setParent(child, parent);
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const found = hierarchySystem.findChild(parent, "Child");
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```
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## 下一步
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- 了解 [实体类](./entity.md) 的其他功能
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- 了解 [场景管理](./scene.md) 如何组织实体和系统
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- 了解 [组件系统](./component.md) 如何定义和使用组件
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