esengine/packages/ecs-engine-bindgen/src/systems/EngineRenderSystem.ts

/**
 * Engine render system for ECS.
 * 用于ECS的引擎渲染系统。
 */

import { EntitySystem, Matcher, Entity, ComponentType, ECSSystem, Component, Core } from '@esengine/ecs-framework';
import { SpriteComponent, CameraComponent, TransformComponent } from '@esengine/ecs-components';
import type { EngineBridge } from '../core/EngineBridge';
import { RenderBatcher } from '../core/RenderBatcher';
import type { SpriteRenderData } from '../types';
import type { ITransformComponent } from '../core/SpriteRenderHelper';

/**
 * Render data from a provider
 * 提供者的渲染数据
 */
export interface ProviderRenderData {
    transforms: Float32Array;
    textureIds: Uint32Array;
    uvs: Float32Array;
    colors: Uint32Array;
    tileCount: number;
    /** Sorting order for render ordering | 渲染排序顺序 */
    sortingOrder: number;
    /** Texture path for loading (optional, used if textureId is 0) */
    texturePath?: string;
}

/**
 * Interface for additional render data providers (e.g., tilemap)
 * 额外渲染数据提供者接口（如瓦片地图）
 */
export interface IRenderDataProvider {
    getRenderData(): readonly ProviderRenderData[];
}

/**
 * Interface for UI render data providers
 * UI 渲染数据提供者接口
 *
 * All UI is rendered in Screen Space with independent orthographic projection.
 * 所有 UI 都在屏幕空间渲染，使用独立的正交投影。
 */
export interface IUIRenderDataProvider extends IRenderDataProvider {
    /** Get UI render data | 获取 UI 渲染数据 */
    getRenderData(): readonly ProviderRenderData[];
    /** @deprecated Use getRenderData() instead */
    getScreenSpaceRenderData?(): readonly ProviderRenderData[];
    /** @deprecated World space UI is no longer supported */
    getWorldSpaceRenderData?(): readonly ProviderRenderData[];
}

/**
 * Internal gizmo color interface (duck-typed, compatible with editor-core GizmoColor)
 * 内部 gizmo 颜色接口（鸭子类型，与 editor-core GizmoColor 兼容）
 * @internal
 */
interface GizmoColorInternal {
    r: number;
    g: number;
    b: number;
    a: number;
}

/**
 * Internal gizmo render data type (duck-typed, compatible with editor-core types)
 * 内部 gizmo 渲染数据类型（鸭子类型，与 editor-core 类型兼容）
 * @internal
 */
interface GizmoRenderDataInternal {
    type: 'rect' | 'circle' | 'line' | 'grid';
    color: GizmoColorInternal;
    // Rect specific
    x?: number;
    y?: number;
    width?: number;
    height?: number;
    rotation?: number;
    originX?: number;
    originY?: number;
    showHandles?: boolean;
    // Circle specific
    radius?: number;
    // Line specific
    points?: Array<{ x: number; y: number }>;
    closed?: boolean;
    // Grid specific
    cols?: number;
    rows?: number;
}

/**
 * Function type for getting gizmo data from a component.
 * Used to inject GizmoRegistry functionality from editor layer.
 * 从组件获取 gizmo 数据的函数类型。
 * 用于从编辑器层注入 GizmoRegistry 功能。
 */
export type GizmoDataProviderFn = (
    component: Component,
    entity: Entity,
    isSelected: boolean
) => GizmoRenderDataInternal[];

/**
 * Function type for checking if a component has gizmo provider.
 * 检查组件是否有 gizmo 提供者的函数类型。
 */
export type HasGizmoProviderFn = (component: Component) => boolean;

/**
 * Type for transform component constructor.
 * 变换组件构造函数类型。
 */
export type TransformComponentType = ComponentType & (new (...args: any[]) => Component & ITransformComponent);

/**
 * ECS System for rendering sprites using the Rust engine.
 * 使用Rust引擎渲染精灵的ECS系统。
 *
 * This system extends EntitySystem and integrates with the ECS lifecycle.
 * 此系统扩展EntitySystem并与ECS生命周期集成。
 *
 * @example
 * ```typescript
 * // Create transform component | 创建变换组件
 * @ECSComponent('Transform')
 * class Transform extends Component implements ITransformComponent {
 *     position = { x: 0, y: 0 };
 *     rotation = 0;
 *     scale = { x: 1, y: 1 };
 * }
 *
 * // Initialize bridge | 初始化桥接
 * const bridge = new EngineBridge({ canvasId: 'canvas' });
 * await bridge.initialize();
 *
 * // Add system to scene | 将系统添加到场景
 * const renderSystem = new EngineRenderSystem(bridge, Transform);
 * scene.addSystem(renderSystem);
 * ```
 */
@ECSSystem('EngineRender', { updateOrder: 1000 }) // Render system executes last | 渲染系统最后执行
export class EngineRenderSystem extends EntitySystem {
    private bridge: EngineBridge;
    private batcher: RenderBatcher;
    private transformType: TransformComponentType;
    private showGizmos = true;
    private selectedEntityIds: Set<number> = new Set();
    private transformMode: 'select' | 'move' | 'rotate' | 'scale' = 'select';

    // Reusable map to avoid allocation per frame
    // 可重用的映射以避免每帧分配
    private entityRenderMap: Map<number, SpriteRenderData> = new Map();

    // Additional render data providers (e.g., tilemap)
    // 额外的渲染数据提供者（如瓦片地图）
    private renderDataProviders: IRenderDataProvider[] = [];

    // Gizmo registry functions (injected from editor layer)
    // Gizmo 注册表函数（从编辑器层注入）
    private gizmoDataProvider: GizmoDataProviderFn | null = null;
    private hasGizmoProvider: HasGizmoProviderFn | null = null;

    // UI Canvas boundary settings
    // UI 画布边界设置
    private uiCanvasWidth: number = 0;
    private uiCanvasHeight: number = 0;
    private showUICanvasBoundary: boolean = true;

    // UI render data provider (supports screen space and world space)
    // UI 渲染数据提供者（支持屏幕空间和世界空间）
    private uiRenderDataProvider: IUIRenderDataProvider | null = null;

    // Preview mode flag: when true, UI uses screen space overlay projection
    // when false (editor mode), UI renders in world space following editor camera
    // 预览模式标志：为 true 时，UI 使用屏幕空间叠加投影
    // 为 false（编辑器模式）时，UI 在世界空间渲染，跟随编辑器相机
    private previewMode: boolean = false;

    /**
     * Create a new engine render system.
     * 创建新的引擎渲染系统。
     *
     * @param bridge - Engine bridge instance | 引擎桥接实例
     * @param transformType - Transform component class (must implement ITransformComponent) | 变换组件类（必须实现ITransformComponent）
     */
    constructor(bridge: EngineBridge, transformType: TransformComponentType) {
        // Match entities with both Sprite and Transform components
        // 匹配同时具有Sprite和Transform组件的实体
        super(Matcher.empty().all(SpriteComponent, transformType));

        this.bridge = bridge;
        this.batcher = new RenderBatcher();
        this.transformType = transformType;
    }

    /**
     * Called when system is initialized.
     * 系统初始化时调用。
     */
    public override initialize(): void {
        super.initialize();
        this.logger.info('EngineRenderSystem initialized | 引擎渲染系统初始化完成');
    }

    /**
     * Called before processing entities.
     * 处理实体之前调用。
     */
    protected override onBegin(): void {
        // Clear the batch | 清空批处理
        this.batcher.clear();

        // Clear screen with dark background | 用深色背景清屏
        this.bridge.clear(0.1, 0.1, 0.12, 1);

        // Update input | 更新输入
        this.bridge.updateInput();
    }

    /**
     * Process all matched entities.
     * 处理所有匹配的实体。
     *
     * Rendering is done in two passes:
     * 1. World Pass: World sprites, tilemaps, gizmos (affected by world camera)
     * 2. UI Pass: Screen space UI (independent orthographic projection, overlaid on world)
     *
     * 渲染分两个阶段进行：
     * 1. 世界阶段：世界 Sprite、瓦片地图、Gizmo（受世界相机影响）
     * 2. UI 阶段：屏幕空间 UI（独立正交投影，叠加在世界之上）
     *
     * @param entities - Entities to process | 要处理的实体
     */
    protected override process(entities: readonly Entity[]): void {
        // Clear and reuse map for gizmo drawing
        // 清空并重用映射用于绘制gizmo
        this.entityRenderMap.clear();

        // ===== Pass 1: World Space Rendering =====
        // ===== 阶段 1：世界空间渲染 =====
        // This includes world sprites, tilemaps, and world space UI
        // 包括世界 Sprite、瓦片地图和世界空间 UI

        // Collect all render items with sorting order
        // 收集所有渲染项及其排序顺序
        const renderItems: Array<{ sortingOrder: number; sprites: SpriteRenderData[] }> = [];

        // Collect sprites from entities
        // 收集实体的 sprites
        for (const entity of entities) {
            const sprite = entity.getComponent(SpriteComponent);
            const transform = entity.getComponent(this.transformType) as unknown as ITransformComponent | null;

            if (!sprite || !transform) {
                continue;
            }

            // Calculate UV with flip | 计算带翻转的UV
            const uv: [number, number, number, number] = [0, 0, 1, 1];
            if (sprite.flipX || sprite.flipY) {
                if (sprite.flipX) {
                    [uv[0], uv[2]] = [uv[2], uv[0]];
                }
                if (sprite.flipY) {
                    [uv[1], uv[3]] = [uv[3], uv[1]];
                }
            }

            // Handle rotation as number or Vector3 (use z for 2D)
            const rotation = typeof transform.rotation === 'number'
                ? transform.rotation
                : transform.rotation.z;

            // Convert hex color string to packed RGBA | 将十六进制颜色字符串转换为打包的RGBA
            const color = this.hexToPackedColor(sprite.color, sprite.alpha);

            // Get texture ID from sprite component
            // 从精灵组件获取纹理ID
            // Use Rust engine's path-based texture loading for automatic caching
            // 使用Rust引擎的基于路径的纹理加载实现自动缓存
            let textureId = 0;
            if (sprite.texture) {
                textureId = this.bridge.getOrLoadTextureByPath(sprite.texture);
            }

            // Pass actual display dimensions (sprite size * transform scale)
            // 传递实际显示尺寸（sprite尺寸 * 变换缩放）
            const renderData: SpriteRenderData = {
                x: transform.position.x,
                y: transform.position.y,
                rotation,
                scaleX: sprite.width * transform.scale.x,
                scaleY: sprite.height * transform.scale.y,
                originX: sprite.anchorX,
                originY: sprite.anchorY,
                textureId,
                uv,
                color
            };

            renderItems.push({ sortingOrder: sprite.sortingOrder, sprites: [renderData] });
            this.entityRenderMap.set(entity.id, renderData);
        }

        // Collect render data from providers (e.g., tilemap)
        for (const provider of this.renderDataProviders) {
            const renderDataList = provider.getRenderData();
            for (const data of renderDataList) {
                // Get texture ID - load from path if needed
                let textureId = data.textureIds[0] || 0;
                if (textureId === 0 && data.texturePath) {
                    textureId = this.bridge.getOrLoadTextureByPath(data.texturePath);
                }

                // Convert tilemap render data to sprites
                const tilemapSprites: SpriteRenderData[] = [];
                for (let i = 0; i < data.tileCount; i++) {
                    const tOffset = i * 7;
                    const uvOffset = i * 4;

                    const renderData: SpriteRenderData = {
                        x: data.transforms[tOffset],
                        y: data.transforms[tOffset + 1],
                        rotation: data.transforms[tOffset + 2],
                        scaleX: data.transforms[tOffset + 3],
                        scaleY: data.transforms[tOffset + 4],
                        originX: data.transforms[tOffset + 5],
                        originY: data.transforms[tOffset + 6],
                        textureId,
                        uv: [data.uvs[uvOffset], data.uvs[uvOffset + 1], data.uvs[uvOffset + 2], data.uvs[uvOffset + 3]],
                        color: data.colors[i]
                    };

                    tilemapSprites.push(renderData);
                }

                if (tilemapSprites.length > 0) {
                    renderItems.push({ sortingOrder: data.sortingOrder, sprites: tilemapSprites });
                }
            }
        }

        // Collect UI render data if in editor mode (renders in world space)
        // 如果在编辑器模式，收集 UI 渲染数据（在世界空间渲染）
        if (!this.previewMode && this.uiRenderDataProvider) {
            const uiRenderData = this.uiRenderDataProvider.getRenderData();
            for (const data of uiRenderData) {
                const uiSprites = this.convertProviderDataToSprites(data);
                if (uiSprites.length > 0) {
                    renderItems.push({ sortingOrder: data.sortingOrder, sprites: uiSprites });
                }
            }
        }

        // Sort by sortingOrder (lower values render first, appear behind)
        // 按 sortingOrder 排序（值越小越先渲染，显示在后面）
        renderItems.sort((a, b) => a.sortingOrder - b.sortingOrder);

        // Submit all sprites in sorted order
        // 按排序顺序提交所有 sprites
        for (const item of renderItems) {
            for (const sprite of item.sprites) {
                this.batcher.addSprite(sprite);
            }
        }

        if (!this.batcher.isEmpty) {
            const sprites = this.batcher.getSprites();
            this.bridge.submitSprites(sprites);
        }

        // Draw gizmos for all entities with IGizmoProvider components
        // 为所有具有 IGizmoProvider 组件的实体绘制 Gizmo
        if (this.showGizmos) {
            this.drawComponentGizmos();
        }

        // Draw gizmos for selected entities (always, even if no sprites)
        // 为选中的实体绘制Gizmo（始终绘制，即使没有精灵）
        if (this.showGizmos && this.selectedEntityIds.size > 0) {
            this.drawSelectedEntityGizmos();
        }

        // Draw camera frustum gizmos
        // 绘制相机视锥体 gizmo
        if (this.showGizmos) {
            this.drawCameraFrustums();
        }

        // Draw UI canvas boundary
        // 绘制 UI 画布边界
        if (this.showGizmos && this.showUICanvasBoundary && this.uiCanvasWidth > 0 && this.uiCanvasHeight > 0) {
            this.drawUICanvasBoundary();
        }

        // ===== World Pass: Render world content =====
        // ===== 世界阶段：渲染世界内容 =====
        this.bridge.render();

        // ===== Pass 2: Screen Space UI Rendering (Preview Mode Only) =====
        // ===== 阶段 2：屏幕空间 UI 渲染（仅预览模式）=====
        // UI is rendered on top of world content with independent projection
        // UI 使用独立投影渲染在世界内容之上
        // Only in preview mode - in editor mode, UI is rendered in world space above
        // 仅在预览模式 - 在编辑器模式，UI 在上面的世界空间渲染
        if (this.previewMode) {
            this.renderScreenSpaceUI();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Render screen space UI with fixed orthographic projection.
     * 使用固定正交投影渲染屏幕空间 UI。
     *
     * Screen space UI is rendered with an independent orthographic projection
     * based on the UI canvas size, not affected by the world camera.
     * 屏幕空间 UI 使用基于 UI 画布尺寸的独立正交投影渲染，不受世界相机影响。
     */
    private renderScreenSpaceUI(): void {
        if (!this.uiRenderDataProvider) {
            return;
        }

        // Get all UI render data (now only screen space)
        // 获取所有 UI 渲染数据（现在只有屏幕空间）
        const uiRenderData = this.uiRenderDataProvider.getRenderData();
        if (uiRenderData.length === 0) {
            return;
        }

        // Switch to screen space projection
        // 切换到屏幕空间投影
        // Use UI canvas size for the orthographic projection
        // 使用 UI 画布尺寸进行正交投影
        const canvasWidth = this.uiCanvasWidth > 0 ? this.uiCanvasWidth : 1920;
        const canvasHeight = this.uiCanvasHeight > 0 ? this.uiCanvasHeight : 1080;

        // Save current camera state and switch to screen space mode
        // 保存当前相机状态并切换到屏幕空间模式
        this.bridge.pushScreenSpaceMode(canvasWidth, canvasHeight);

        // Clear batcher for screen space content
        this.batcher.clear();

        // Collect screen space UI render items
        const screenSpaceItems: Array<{ sortingOrder: number; sprites: SpriteRenderData[] }> = [];

        for (const data of uiRenderData) {
            const uiSprites = this.convertProviderDataToSprites(data);
            if (uiSprites.length > 0) {
                screenSpaceItems.push({ sortingOrder: data.sortingOrder, sprites: uiSprites });
            }
        }

        // Sort by sortingOrder
        screenSpaceItems.sort((a, b) => a.sortingOrder - b.sortingOrder);

        // Submit screen space UI sprites
        for (const item of screenSpaceItems) {
            for (const sprite of item.sprites) {
                this.batcher.addSprite(sprite);
            }
        }

        if (!this.batcher.isEmpty) {
            const sprites = this.batcher.getSprites();
            this.bridge.submitSprites(sprites);
            // Render overlay (without clearing screen)
            // 渲染叠加层（不清屏）
            this.bridge.renderOverlay();
        }

        // Restore world space camera
        // 恢复世界空间相机
        this.bridge.popScreenSpaceMode();
    }

    /**
     * Convert provider render data to sprite render data array.
     * 将提供者渲染数据转换为 Sprite 渲染数据数组。
     */
    private convertProviderDataToSprites(data: ProviderRenderData): SpriteRenderData[] {
        // Get texture ID - load from path if needed
        let textureId = data.textureIds[0] || 0;
        if (textureId === 0 && data.texturePath) {
            textureId = this.bridge.getOrLoadTextureByPath(data.texturePath);
        }

        const sprites: SpriteRenderData[] = [];
        for (let i = 0; i < data.tileCount; i++) {
            const tOffset = i * 7;
            const uvOffset = i * 4;

            const renderData: SpriteRenderData = {
                x: data.transforms[tOffset],
                y: data.transforms[tOffset + 1],
                rotation: data.transforms[tOffset + 2],
                scaleX: data.transforms[tOffset + 3],
                scaleY: data.transforms[tOffset + 4],
                originX: data.transforms[tOffset + 5],
                originY: data.transforms[tOffset + 6],
                textureId,
                uv: [data.uvs[uvOffset], data.uvs[uvOffset + 1], data.uvs[uvOffset + 2], data.uvs[uvOffset + 3]],
                color: data.colors[i]
            };

            sprites.push(renderData);
        }

        return sprites;
    }

    /**
     * Draw gizmos from components that have registered gizmo providers.
     * 绘制已注册 gizmo 提供者的组件的 gizmo。
     */
    private drawComponentGizmos(): void {
        const scene = Core.scene;
        if (!scene || !this.gizmoDataProvider || !this.hasGizmoProvider) return;

        // Iterate all entities in the scene
        // 遍历场景中的所有实体
        for (const entity of scene.entities.buffer) {
            const isSelected = this.selectedEntityIds.has(entity.id);

            // Check each component for gizmo provider
            // 检查每个组件是否有 gizmo 提供者
            for (const component of entity.components) {
                if (this.hasGizmoProvider(component)) {
                    try {
                        const gizmoDataArray = this.gizmoDataProvider(component, entity, isSelected);
                        for (const gizmoData of gizmoDataArray) {
                            this.renderGizmoData(gizmoData);
                        }
                    } catch (e) {
                        // Silently ignore errors from gizmo providers
                        // 静默忽略 gizmo 提供者的错误
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Render a single gizmo data item.
     * 渲染单个 gizmo 数据项。
     */
    private renderGizmoData(data: GizmoRenderDataInternal): void {
        const { r, g, b, a } = data.color;

        switch (data.type) {
            case 'rect':
                if (data.x !== undefined && data.y !== undefined &&
                    data.width !== undefined && data.height !== undefined) {
                    this.bridge.addGizmoRect(
                        data.x,
                        data.y,
                        data.width,
                        data.height,
                        data.rotation ?? 0,
                        data.originX ?? 0.5,
                        data.originY ?? 0.5,
                        r, g, b, a,
                        data.showHandles ?? false
                    );
                }
                break;

            case 'grid':
                // Render grid as multiple line segments
                // 将网格渲染为多条线段
                if (data.x !== undefined && data.y !== undefined &&
                    data.width !== undefined && data.height !== undefined &&
                    data.cols !== undefined && data.rows !== undefined) {
                    this.renderGridGizmo(data.x, data.y, data.width, data.height, data.cols, data.rows, r, g, b, a);
                }
                break;

            case 'line':
                // Lines are rendered as connected rect segments (thin)
                // 线条渲染为连接的细矩形段
                if (data.points && data.points.length >= 2) {
                    this.renderLineGizmo(data.points, data.closed ?? false, r, g, b, a);
                }
                break;

            case 'circle':
                // Circle rendered as polygon approximation
                // 圆形渲染为多边形近似
                if (data.x !== undefined && data.y !== undefined && data.radius !== undefined) {
                    this.renderCircleGizmo(data.x, data.y, data.radius, r, g, b, a);
                }
                break;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Render a grid gizmo using line segments.
     * 使用线段渲染网格 gizmo。
     */
    private renderGridGizmo(
        x: number, y: number, width: number, height: number,
        cols: number, rows: number,
        r: number, g: number, b: number, a: number
    ): void {
        const cellWidth = width / cols;
        const cellHeight = height / rows;
        const lineThickness = 1;

        // Vertical lines | 垂直线
        for (let col = 0; col <= cols; col++) {
            const lineX = x + col * cellWidth;
            this.bridge.addGizmoRect(
                lineX, y + height / 2,
                lineThickness, height,
                0, 0.5, 0.5,
                r, g, b, a,
                false
            );
        }

        // Horizontal lines | 水平线
        for (let row = 0; row <= rows; row++) {
            const lineY = y + row * cellHeight;
            this.bridge.addGizmoRect(
                x + width / 2, lineY,
                width, lineThickness,
                0, 0.5, 0.5,
                r, g, b, a,
                false
            );
        }
    }

    /**
     * Render a line gizmo.
     * 渲染线条 gizmo。
     */
    private renderLineGizmo(
        points: Array<{ x: number; y: number }>,
        closed: boolean,
        r: number, g: number, b: number, a: number
    ): void {
        const lineThickness = 2;
        const count = closed ? points.length : points.length - 1;

        for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
            const p1 = points[i];
            const p2 = points[(i + 1) % points.length];

            const dx = p2.x - p1.x;
            const dy = p2.y - p1.y;
            const length = Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy);
            const angle = Math.atan2(dy, dx);

            // Draw line segment as thin rect
            // 将线段绘制为细矩形
            this.bridge.addGizmoRect(
                (p1.x + p2.x) / 2,
                (p1.y + p2.y) / 2,
                length, lineThickness,
                angle, 0.5, 0.5,
                r, g, b, a,
                false
            );
        }
    }

    /**
     * Render a circle gizmo as polygon.
     * 将圆形 gizmo 渲染为多边形。
     */
    private renderCircleGizmo(
        x: number, y: number, radius: number,
        r: number, g: number, b: number, a: number
    ): void {
        const segments = 32;
        const points: Array<{ x: number; y: number }> = [];

        for (let i = 0; i < segments; i++) {
            const angle = (i / segments) * Math.PI * 2;
            points.push({
                x: x + Math.cos(angle) * radius,
                y: y + Math.sin(angle) * radius
            });
        }

        this.renderLineGizmo(points, true, r, g, b, a);
    }

    /**
     * Draw gizmos for selected entities with transform handles.
     * 为选中的实体绘制带有变换手柄的 gizmo。
     *
     * This method ensures that selected entities show transform handles
     * regardless of whether they have sprite data in entityRenderMap.
     * 此方法确保选中的实体显示变换手柄，无论它们是否在 entityRenderMap 中有精灵数据。
     */
    private drawSelectedEntityGizmos(): void {
        const scene = Core.scene;
        if (!scene) return;

        // Determine if we should show handles based on transform mode
        // 根据变换模式确定是否显示手柄
        const shouldShowHandles = this.transformMode !== 'select';

        for (const entityId of this.selectedEntityIds) {
            // Find the entity
            // 查找实体
            const entity = scene.entities.findEntityById(entityId);
            if (!entity) continue;

            // Get transform component
            // 获取变换组件
            const transform = entity.getComponent(TransformComponent);
            if (!transform) continue;

            // First check if we have sprite data from entityRenderMap
            // 首先检查是否有来自 entityRenderMap 的精灵数据
            const spriteData = this.entityRenderMap.get(entityId);
            if (spriteData) {
                // Use sprite data for selection gizmo
                // 使用精灵数据绘制选择 gizmo
                this.bridge.addGizmoRect(
                    spriteData.x,
                    spriteData.y,
                    spriteData.scaleX,
                    spriteData.scaleY,
                    spriteData.rotation,
                    spriteData.originX,
                    spriteData.originY,
                    0.0, 0.8, 1.0, 1.0,  // Selection color (cyan)
                    shouldShowHandles
                );
                continue;
            }

            // For entities without sprite data, try to get gizmo data from components via registry
            // 对于没有精灵数据的实体，尝试通过注册表从组件获取 gizmo 数据
            let foundGizmo = false;
            if (this.gizmoDataProvider && this.hasGizmoProvider) {
                for (const component of entity.components) {
                    if (this.hasGizmoProvider(component)) {
                        try {
                            const gizmoDataArray = this.gizmoDataProvider(component, entity, true);
                            // Use the first rect gizmo for selection handles
                            // 使用第一个矩形 gizmo 来绘制选择手柄
                            for (const gizmoData of gizmoDataArray) {
                                if (gizmoData.type === 'rect' &&
                                    gizmoData.x !== undefined && gizmoData.y !== undefined &&
                                    gizmoData.width !== undefined && gizmoData.height !== undefined) {

                                    // Draw selection gizmo with handles
                                    // 绘制带手柄的选择 gizmo
                                    this.bridge.addGizmoRect(
                                        gizmoData.x,
                                        gizmoData.y,
                                        gizmoData.width,
                                        gizmoData.height,
                                        gizmoData.rotation ?? 0,
                                        gizmoData.originX ?? 0.5,
                                        gizmoData.originY ?? 0.5,
                                        0.0, 0.8, 1.0, 1.0,  // Selection color (cyan)
                                        shouldShowHandles
                                    );
                                    foundGizmo = true;
                                    break;
                                }
                            }
                            if (foundGizmo) break;
                        } catch (e) {
                            // Silently ignore errors
                            // 静默忽略错误
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            // If no gizmo provider found, draw a default gizmo at transform position
            // 如果没有找到 gizmo 提供者，在变换位置绘制默认 gizmo
            if (!foundGizmo) {
                const rotation = typeof transform.rotation === 'number'
                    ? transform.rotation
                    : transform.rotation.z;

                // Draw a small default gizmo at entity position
                // 在实体位置绘制一个小的默认 gizmo
                this.bridge.addGizmoRect(
                    transform.position.x,
                    transform.position.y,
                    32,  // Default size
                    32,
                    rotation,
                    0.5,
                    0.5,
                    0.0, 0.8, 1.0, 1.0,  // Selection color (cyan)
                    shouldShowHandles
                );
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Draw camera frustum gizmos for all cameras in scene.
     * 为场景中所有相机绘制视锥体 gizmo。
     */
    private drawCameraFrustums(): void {
        const scene = Core.scene;
        if (!scene) return;

        const cameraEntities = scene.entities.findEntitiesWithComponent(CameraComponent);

        for (const entity of cameraEntities) {
            const camera = entity.getComponent(CameraComponent);
            const transform = entity.getComponent(TransformComponent);

            if (!camera || !transform) continue;

            // Calculate frustum size based on canvas size and orthographicSize
            // 根据 canvas 尺寸和 orthographicSize 计算视锥体大小
            // At runtime, zoom = 1 / orthographicSize
            // So visible area = canvas size * orthographicSize
            const canvas = document.getElementById('viewport-canvas') as HTMLCanvasElement;
            if (!canvas) continue;

            // The actual visible world units when running
            // 运行时实际可见的世界单位
            const zoom = camera.orthographicSize > 0 ? 1 / camera.orthographicSize : 1;
            const width = canvas.width / zoom;
            const height = canvas.height / zoom;

            // Handle rotation
            const rotation = typeof transform.rotation === 'number'
                ? transform.rotation
                : transform.rotation.z;

            // Draw frustum rectangle (white color for camera)
            // 绘制视锥体矩形（相机用白色）
            this.bridge.addGizmoRect(
                transform.position.x,
                transform.position.y,
                width,
                height,
                rotation,
                0.5,  // origin center
                0.5,
                1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.8,  // White color with some transparency
                false  // Don't show transform handles for camera frustum
            );
        }
    }

    /**
     * Draw UI canvas boundary.
     * 绘制 UI 画布边界。
     *
     * Shows the design resolution boundary of the UI canvas.
     * 显示 UI 画布的设计分辨率边界。
     */
    private drawUICanvasBoundary(): void {
        const w = this.uiCanvasWidth;
        const h = this.uiCanvasHeight;

        // Canvas is centered at (0, 0) in Y-up coordinate system
        // 画布以 (0, 0) 为中心，Y 轴向上坐标系
        // Bottom-left: (-w/2, -h/2), Top-right: (w/2, h/2)

        // Draw the boundary as a rectangle
        // 绘制边界矩形
        // Using origin (0, 0) means position is bottom-left corner
        // 使用 origin (0, 0) 表示位置是左下角
        this.bridge.addGizmoRect(
            -w / 2,     // x: left edge
            -h / 2,     // y: bottom edge (in Y-up system)
            w,          // width
            h,          // height
            0,          // rotation
            0,          // originX: left
            0,          // originY: bottom
            0.5, 0.8, 1.0, 0.6,  // Light blue color for UI canvas boundary
            false       // Don't show transform handles
        );

        // Draw corner markers for better visibility
        // 绘制角标记以提高可见性
        const markerSize = 20;
        const markerColor = { r: 0.5, g: 0.8, b: 1.0, a: 1.0 };

        // Top-left corner marker (L shape)
        const corners = [
            // Top-left
            { x: -w / 2, y: h / 2 - markerSize, ex: -w / 2, ey: h / 2 },
            { x: -w / 2, y: h / 2, ex: -w / 2 + markerSize, ey: h / 2 },
            // Top-right
            { x: w / 2 - markerSize, y: h / 2, ex: w / 2, ey: h / 2 },
            { x: w / 2, y: h / 2, ex: w / 2, ey: h / 2 - markerSize },
            // Bottom-right
            { x: w / 2, y: -h / 2 + markerSize, ex: w / 2, ey: -h / 2 },
            { x: w / 2, y: -h / 2, ex: w / 2 - markerSize, ey: -h / 2 },
            // Bottom-left
            { x: -w / 2 + markerSize, y: -h / 2, ex: -w / 2, ey: -h / 2 },
            { x: -w / 2, y: -h / 2, ex: -w / 2, ey: -h / 2 + markerSize },
        ];

        for (const line of corners) {
            const dx = line.ex - line.x;
            const dy = line.ey - line.y;
            const length = Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy);
            const angle = Math.atan2(dy, dx);

            this.bridge.addGizmoRect(
                (line.x + line.ex) / 2,
                (line.y + line.ey) / 2,
                length,
                2,  // Line thickness
                angle,
                0.5,
                0.5,
                markerColor.r, markerColor.g, markerColor.b, markerColor.a,
                false
            );
        }
    }

    /**
     * Set gizmo registry functions.
     * 设置 gizmo 注册表函数。
     *
     * This allows the editor layer to inject GizmoRegistry functionality
     * without creating a direct dependency from engine to editor.
     * 这允许编辑器层注入 GizmoRegistry 功能，
     * 而不会创建从引擎到编辑器的直接依赖。
     *
     * @param provider - Function to get gizmo data from a component
     * @param hasProvider - Function to check if a component has a gizmo provider
     */
    setGizmoRegistry(
        provider: GizmoDataProviderFn,
        hasProvider: HasGizmoProviderFn
    ): void {
        this.gizmoDataProvider = provider;
        this.hasGizmoProvider = hasProvider;
    }

    /**
     * Set gizmo visibility.
     * 设置Gizmo可见性。
     */
    setShowGizmos(show: boolean): void {
        this.showGizmos = show;
    }

    /**
     * Get gizmo visibility.
     * 获取Gizmo可见性。
     */
    getShowGizmos(): boolean {
        return this.showGizmos;
    }

    /**
     * Set UI canvas size for boundary display.
     * 设置 UI 画布尺寸以显示边界。
     *
     * @param width - Canvas width (design resolution) | 画布宽度（设计分辨率）
     * @param height - Canvas height (design resolution) | 画布高度（设计分辨率）
     */
    setUICanvasSize(width: number, height: number): void {
        this.uiCanvasWidth = width;
        this.uiCanvasHeight = height;
    }

    /**
     * Get UI canvas size.
     * 获取 UI 画布尺寸。
     */
    getUICanvasSize(): { width: number; height: number } {
        return { width: this.uiCanvasWidth, height: this.uiCanvasHeight };
    }

    /**
     * Set UI canvas boundary visibility.
     * 设置 UI 画布边界可见性。
     */
    setShowUICanvasBoundary(show: boolean): void {
        this.showUICanvasBoundary = show;
    }

    /**
     * Get UI canvas boundary visibility.
     * 获取 UI 画布边界可见性。
     */
    getShowUICanvasBoundary(): boolean {
        return this.showUICanvasBoundary;
    }

    /**
     * Set selected entity IDs.
     * 设置选中的实体ID。
     */
    setSelectedEntityIds(ids: number[]): void {
        this.selectedEntityIds = new Set(ids);
    }

    /**
     * Get selected entity IDs.
     * 获取选中的实体ID。
     */
    getSelectedEntityIds(): number[] {
        return Array.from(this.selectedEntityIds);
    }

    /**
     * Set transform tool mode.
     * 设置变换工具模式。
     */
    setTransformMode(mode: 'select' | 'move' | 'rotate' | 'scale'): void {
        this.transformMode = mode;

        // Convert string mode to u8 for Rust engine
        const modeMap: Record<string, number> = {
            'select': 0,
            'move': 1,
            'rotate': 2,
            'scale': 3
        };
        this.bridge.setTransformMode(modeMap[mode]);
    }

    /**
     * Get transform tool mode.
     * 获取变换工具模式。
     */
    getTransformMode(): 'select' | 'move' | 'rotate' | 'scale' {
        return this.transformMode;
    }

    /**
     * Convert hex color string to packed RGBA.
     * 将十六进制颜色字符串转换为打包的RGBA。
     */
    private hexToPackedColor(hex: string, alpha: number): number {
        // Parse hex color like "#ffffff" or "#fff"
        let r = 255, g = 255, b = 255;
        if (hex.startsWith('#')) {
            const hexValue = hex.slice(1);
            if (hexValue.length === 3) {
                r = parseInt(hexValue[0] + hexValue[0], 16);
                g = parseInt(hexValue[1] + hexValue[1], 16);
                b = parseInt(hexValue[2] + hexValue[2], 16);
            } else if (hexValue.length === 6) {
                r = parseInt(hexValue.slice(0, 2), 16);
                g = parseInt(hexValue.slice(2, 4), 16);
                b = parseInt(hexValue.slice(4, 6), 16);
            }
        }
        const a = Math.round(alpha * 255);
        // Pack as 0xAABBGGRR for WebGL
        return ((a & 0xFF) << 24) | ((b & 0xFF) << 16) | ((g & 0xFF) << 8) | (r & 0xFF);
    }


    /**
     * Register a render data provider.
     * 注册渲染数据提供者。
     */
    addRenderDataProvider(provider: IRenderDataProvider): void {
        if (!this.renderDataProviders.includes(provider)) {
            this.renderDataProviders.push(provider);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Remove a render data provider.
     * 移除渲染数据提供者。
     */
    removeRenderDataProvider(provider: IRenderDataProvider): void {
        const index = this.renderDataProviders.indexOf(provider);
        if (index >= 0) {
            this.renderDataProviders.splice(index, 1);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Set the UI render data provider.
     * 设置 UI 渲染数据提供者。
     *
     * The UI render data provider supports both screen space and world space UI.
     * UI 渲染数据提供者支持屏幕空间和世界空间 UI。
     *
     * @param provider - UI render data provider | UI 渲染数据提供者
     */
    setUIRenderDataProvider(provider: IUIRenderDataProvider | null): void {
        this.uiRenderDataProvider = provider;
    }

    /**
     * Get the UI render data provider.
     * 获取 UI 渲染数据提供者。
     */
    getUIRenderDataProvider(): IUIRenderDataProvider | null {
        return this.uiRenderDataProvider;
    }

    /**
     * Set preview mode.
     * 设置预览模式。
     *
     * In preview mode (true): UI uses screen space overlay projection, independent of world camera.
     * In editor mode (false): UI renders in world space, following the editor camera.
     *
     * 预览模式（true）：UI 使用屏幕空间叠加投影，独立于世界相机。
     * 编辑器模式（false）：UI 在世界空间渲染，跟随编辑器相机。
     *
     * @param mode - True for preview mode, false for editor mode
     */
    setPreviewMode(mode: boolean): void {
        this.previewMode = mode;
    }

    /**
     * Get preview mode.
     * 获取预览模式。
     */
    isPreviewMode(): boolean {
        return this.previewMode;
    }

    /**
     * Get the number of sprites rendered.
     * 获取渲染的精灵数量。
     */
    get spriteCount(): number {
        return this.batcher.count;
    }

    /**
     * Get engine statistics.
     * 获取引擎统计信息。
     */
    getStats() {
        return this.bridge.getStats();
    }

    /**
     * Load a texture.
     * 加载纹理。
     */
    loadTexture(id: number, url: string): void {
        this.bridge.loadTexture(id, url);
    }
}